第一句的语法没错,但听起来非常别扭。长残了,最常用的说法就是age badly/terribly或者not age well,age是动词,表示年岁渐老。如果是小朋友长残了,还可以说grow up (to be) ugly。
我觉得很痛。
✖ I am painful.
✔ I am in pain.
“我感到高兴”是 I am happy,“我感到累了”是 I'm tired,但“我感到很痛”却不是 I am painful。因为 painful 表示“使人痛苦的,让人疼痛或讨厌的”,它的主语往往不是人,而是事物或人体的某个部位,如:The foot is painful(脚痛),The lessons are painful(教训是惨痛的)等。
所以没有 I am painful 这个说法,如果你非要这样说,别人会以为你全身带电或浑身长刺,别人碰了你就会疼,是你让别人痛苦,而不是你自己痛苦。
“我很痛”的习惯说法是I'm in pain. “你觉得痛吗?”就是Are you in pain?
我好热呀!
✖ I'm so hot!
✔ It's so hot!
呃,第一句很容易引起歧义,多半会被理解成,我好性感呀……除非这是你的本意……
老师很喜欢这个嘴甜的小姑娘。
✖ The teacher likes this sweet-mouthed girl.
✔ The teacher likes this honey-lipped girl.
中国人喜欢说“嘴甜”,但 honey-lipped 更符合英美人的语言习惯,表示会说话。
萝卜青菜,各有所爱。
✖ Some prefer radish but others prefer cabbage.
✔ Tastes differ.
Tastes differ/vary 是句英语谚语,除此以外,原句还可翻译成 No dish suits all tastes 或 You can never make everyone happy 等。《新概念英语》第三册第23课的标题是:One man's meat is another man's poison,表达得很生动。 总之,应采取意译。
同学们都很讨厌他,因为他经常拍老师的马屁。
✖ The students all dislike him because he often pats the teacher's ass.
✔ The students all dislike him because he often licks the teacher's boots.
以前在欧洲,臣民见到国王与王后往往要匍匐在地,亲吻他们的靴子。后来,人们将 lick the boots 引申为“为了某种目的而讨好某人”,它与汉语的“拍马屁”含义一样
✖ Almost all people think that the other mountain is higher than the one they're standing on. They never feel satisfied with what they've already got.
✔ Almost all people think that the grass is greener on the other side. They never feel satisfied with what they've already got.
“这山望着那山高”是指人不满足于现状的心理,它在英语中已经有了现成的说法,即 the grass is greener on the other side(对面的草更绿),因此我们借用即可,这样既方便又更有利于与西方人沟通。
我唯一的资本就是勤奋。
✖ My only capital is diligence.
✔ My only means to success is diligence.
原文的“资本”是借喻,实际指“可以依靠并取得成功的手段”。而英语的 capital 指 money used to produce more wealth or for starting a business,并没有中文那样的引申意思。所以,这里的“资本”不能与 capital 画等号。也有人用 advantage 来翻译“资本”,虽然不尽意,但至少可以让读者理解。
这家商店开辟了休息处,受到顾客的称赞。
✖ This department store has set up a resting-place, much to the customers' appreciation.
✔ This department store has set up a lounge, much to the customers' appreciation.
✖ Don't listen to their babbling. It's nothing of the sort.
✔ Don't be fooled by their babbling. It's nothing of the sort.
原文中的“听”不能用 listen to 来表示,因为 listen to 指“听”的动作,而原文中的“别听”不是不让他“听”,而是劝告他“不要听信”,因此,用 not be fooled by 才更达意。
别看别人不把她当回事,在家里她可是父亲的掌上明珠。
✖ Although other people never take her seriously, she is the pearl on her father's hand at home.
✔ Although other people never take her seriously, she is the apple of her father's eye at home.
中英文常用不同的喻体表明相同的喻义,“掌上明珠”与 the apple of one's eye 就是一个很好的例子。这种情况我们一般应尊重各国文化和习俗,翻译时取目的语的固定说法,而不必直译,这有助于将意思更有效地传达给读者。The apple of one's eye 源自圣经《旧约》,当时人们用 apple 指人的瞳孔。尽管瞳孔现在已经用 pupil 来表示,不再是 apple 了,但这一用法却延续了下来。
都十点钟了。起床了,懒虫!
✖ It's 10 o'clock. Get up, lazy worm!
✔ It's 10 o'clock. Get up, lazy bones!
“懒虫”英语里与之对应的说法是 lazy bones(懒骨头)。注意,这里的 bone 应以复数形式出现,也许是因为不会只有一根骨头懒吧!
✖ I'm afraid it is impossible for him to agree to such a request.
✔ I'm afraid it is unlikely for him to agree to such a request.
Impossible 表示“完全不可能”,所以与原文有出入。在英语中,probable 表示的可能性最大,其次是 possible,再次是 likely。而常用的句式为 it is probable/possible/likely for sb to do sth,或 sb be likely to do sth。
她和男朋友吵了一架,冒着大雨跑了出去。
✖ She quarreled with her boyfriend and ran out in the big rain.
✔ She quarreled with her boyfriend and ran out in the heavy rain.
汉语中的“大”可以修饰很多名词,如“大风”、“大浪”、“湿气大”等,但在英语里却不能一一对应。例如,“大雨”就不能译成 big rain。英美人形容雨大习惯用“重”(heavy),heavy rain(大雨),heavy clouds(云雾大),heavy moisture(潮气大)等,这也许是因为他们认为有些事物用重量来衡量比用体积更好吧。
给这位女士来杯威士忌,记在我的账上。
✖ Whisky for this lady, and put it on my bill.
✔ Whisky for this lady, and put it on my tab.
我们可以说 Could we have the bill, please? (请给我们账单好吗?)或 pay the bill(埋单),但“记在某某的账上”却不用 bill,而要用 put...on one's tab 表示。
“百里挑一”常被用来形容“很特别,很出众”或“与众不同”,one in a thousand 也有相同的含义。但值得注意的是,汉语用“百”,而英语则以十倍于百的 thousand 来夸张。同样,汉语的“十分感谢”或“万分感谢”,英语则说 a thousand thanks(千分感谢)或 thanks a million times(百万次的感谢)。可见,英语比汉语要夸张。
周末许多人睡得很晚。
✖ Most people sleep late on weekends.
✔ Most people stay up late on weekends.
英语动词有短暂动词和持续动词之分。Sleep 是典型的持续动词,表示“在睡觉”的过程。而原文的睡表示“上床睡觉”的短暂动作,所以不能直接翻译成sleep late。睡得晚,就是stay up late,也可以说go to sleep late。